All Issue

2019 Vol.35, Issue 1 Preview Page

Research Article

Evaluation of Strength and Durability of Casein-cemented Sand

카제인으로 고결된 모래의 강도 및 내구성 평가

Sung-Sik Park1*
,
Seong-Wook Woo2
박 성식1*
,
우 승욱2
1Member, Associate Prof., Dept. of Civil Eng., Kyungpook National Univ.
2Graduate Student, Dept. of Civil Eng, Kyungpook National Univ.
1정회원, 경북대학교 공과대학 토목공학과 부교수
2비회원, 경북대학교 공과대학 건설환경에너지공학부 석사과정
* Corresponding Author
31 January 2019. pp. 31-42
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

About 3% of Casein is included in milk and it accounts for 80% of milk’s protein. It has an adhesive property when mixed with calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide solutions. It has been usually used to bond woods under dry condition but becomes weak when exposed to moisture. Such weakness is very critical when casein is applied for soil cementation under groundwater condition. Therefore, this study was aimed to protect such weakness by changing or adding certain ingredients of casein adhesive. Two types of cemented specimens were prepared with Nakdong river sand and tested for unconfined compressive strength and durability. Each specimen was mixed with casein or cement. Ingredients of casein binder suggested by the University of Wisconsin, which is called a standard casein recipe, was also prepared. This study tried 6 different types of casein binder recipe. Among them, one with 30% hydroxide calcium increase and 50% hydroxide sodium decrease compared with the standard casein was most effective. Based on the most effective casein recipe, cemented sand with 1-4% of casein ratio was prepared and tested. The unconfined compressive strength and durability index were 6,253kPa and 92% for the specimen with 4% of casein ratio and 1,500kPa and 62% for the one with 8% of cement ratio. Therefore, casein cemented sand showed better performance. In addition, over 3% of casein cemented sand had over 80% durability index.

Keywords
Casein
Binder
Cementation
Sand
Strength
Durability

카제인은 우유 속에 약 3% 함유되어 있으면서, 우유에 함유된 전체 단백질의 약 80%를 차지한다. 카제인에 수산화칼슘 및 수산화나트륨 수용액을 섞으면 고결력이 발생하며, 이러한 고결방식은 목재나 건조한 환경에 적용하는 것이 일반적이다. 본 연구에서는 지하수위가 존재하는 토사의 고결을 위해 물에 약한 카제인 고결제의 구성성분을 조절하거나 새로운 성분을 추가하여 내수성을 향상시키고자 하였다. 이를 위해 낙동강모래에 고결제로 가장 많이 사용되는 시멘트뿐 아니라 위스콘신대학에서 제시한 표준 카제인 고결제를 비롯한 다양한 카제인 고결모래 공시체를 제작하였다. 6 종류의 카제인 고결모래 중에서 표준 카제인 고결제에 수산화칼슘을 30% 증가시키고 수산화나트륨을 50% 감소시킨 것이 가장 우수한 강도와 내구성을 나타내었다. 이렇게 개선된 카제인 고결제를 1-4% 혼합하여 만든 공시체의 일축압축강도와 반복건습으로 인한 내구성지수를 시멘트 고결모래 공시체와 비교하였다. 그 결과, 카제인비 4%인 고결모래 공시체의 입축압축강도와 내구성지수는 6,253kPa 및 92%로 일축압축강도 1,500kPa 및 내구성지수 62%인 시멘트비 8%인 고결모래 공시체보다 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 카제인이 3% 이상 함유된 고결모래 공시체는 반복적인 건습 작용에도 80% 이상의 양호한 내구성을 유지하였다.

References
1
Aubrey, W. T. (1952), "Viscosity-Stable Casein Adhesives", US patent, No.2,613,155.
2
Butterman, S. (1920), "The Influence of the Method of Manufacture on the Use of Casein in Glue Making", The journal of industrial and engineering chemistry, Vol.12, No.2, pp.141-144.
10.1021/ie50122a013
3
Cannon, A. (2015), "Water-resistant Adhesives for Paper, 1870-1920", Journal of the institute of conservation, Vol.38, No.1, pp.92-106.
10.1080/19455224.2014.997770
4
Chang, I. H., Im, J. Y., and Cho, G. C. (2016), "Introduction of Microbial Biopolymers in Soil Treatment for Future Environmentally-Friendly and Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering", Sustainability, Vol.8, No.3, pp.251.
10.3390/su8030251
5
Chang, I. H., Im, J. Y., Chung, M. K., and Cho, G. C. (2018), "Bovine Casein as a New Soil Strengthening Binder from Diary Wastes", Construction and Building Materials, Vol.160, pp.1-9.
10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.009
6
Forest products laboratory (1967), "Casein Glues Their Manufacture, Preparation, and Application", University of Wisconsin - Madison, Research note, FPL-0158.
7
Franklin, J. A. and Chandra, R. (1972), "The Slake-Durability Test", International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics, Vol.9, No.3, pp.325-341.
10.1016/0148-9062(72)90001-0
8
Ham, S. M., Chang, I. H., Noh, D. H., Kwon, T. H., and Muhunthan, B. (2018), "Improvement of Surface Erosion Resistance of Sand by Microbial Biopolymer Formation", Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol.144, No.7, pp.06018004.
10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001900
9
Julius, S. (1962), "Modified Acid Caseun and Adhesive Derived Therefrom", US Patent, No.3,058,836.
10
Lee, J. S. and Chon, H. T. (2004), "Human Risk Assessment of Toxic Heavy Metals around Abandoned Metal Mine Sites", Economic and Environmental Geology, Vol.37, No.1, pp.73-86.
10.9719/EEG.2017.50.1.73
11
Ma, Y. S. (1996), "Preparation and Study of Rheologic Properties of Casein-based Adhesives", Ph.D. Thesis, Sejong University.
12
Manson, W. (1962), "The Effect Upon Casein of Aqueous Solutions of Urea", Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, Vol.63, No.3, pp.515-517.
10.1016/0006-3002(62)90118-X
13
McGann, T. C., Donnelly, W, J., Kearney, R. D., and Buchhemm, W. (1980), "Composition and Size Distribution of Bovine Casein Micelles", Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, Vol.630, No.2, pp.261-270.
10.1016/0304-4165(80)90430-4
14
Min, H. J. (2016), "Preparation and Evaluation of Adhesives Containing Natural Ingredients for Cosmetic", Ph.D. Thesis, Wonkwang University.
15
Mindess, S., Young, J.F., and Darwin, D. (1981), Concrete, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
16
Park, S. S. (2011), "A Study on Strength Characteristics of Sand-gravel Mixture", Journal of the Korean geotechnical society, Vol.12, No.5, pp.13-19.
17
Park, S. S. and Choi, S. G. (2013), "A Study on Sand Cementation and its Early-strength Using Blast Furnace Slag and Alkaline Activators", Journal of the Korean geotechnical society, Vol.29, No.4, pp.45-56.
10.7843/kgs.2013.29.4.45
18
Park, S. S. and Hwang, S. H. (2012), "A Study on Durability Test of Cemented Soil", Journal of Korean geotechnical society, Vol.28, No.11, pp.79-86.
10.7843/kgs.2012.28.11.79
19
Park, S. S. and Hawng, S. H. (2014), "Relationship between Unconfined Compressive Strength and Shear Wave Velocity of Cemented Sands", Journal of the Korean geotechnical society, Vol.30, No.1, pp.65-74.
10.7843/kgs.2014.30.1.65
20
Park, S. S., Choi, S. G., and Nam, I. H. (2014), "A Study on Cementation of Sand Using Blast Fumace Slag and Extreme Microorganism", Journal of Korean geotechnical society, Vol.30, No.1, pp.93-101.
10.7843/kgs.2014.30.1.93
21
Park, S. S., Choi, S. G., and Nam, I. H. (2014), "Effect of Plant-induced Calcite Precipitation on the Strength of Sand", Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol.26, No.8, pp.06014017.
10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001029
22
Park, S. S., Kim, K. Y., Choi, H. S., and Kim, C. W. (2009), "Effect of Different Curing Methods on the Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cemented Sand", Journal of The Korean Society of Civil Engineers, Vol.29, No.5, pp.207-215.
23
Pizzi, A. and Mittal, K. L. (2017), "Handbook of Adhesive Technology", CRC press.
24
Prestholdt, H. L. (1926), "Casein glue", US patent, No.1,604,310.
25
Raval, D. K., Narola, B. N., and Patel, A. J. (2005), "Synthesis, Characterization and Composites from Resorcinol-urea-formaldehyde-casein Resin", Iranian Polymer Journal, Vol.14, No.9, pp.775-784.
26
Seo, E. H. (2016), "A Study on the Improvement of Durability of Environment-Friendly Calcite Cemented Soil", M.D. Thesis, Kyungpook National University.
27
Walther, L. (1937), "Production of Casein Glue and Casein Glue Preparation", US patent, No.2,091,325.
28
Wright, J., Shen, Z., and Rizkalla, S. (1993), "Three-year Field and Laboratory Evaluation of Linseed Oil as a Concrete Sealer", Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol.20 No.5, pp.844-854.
10.1139/l93-110
Information
  • Publisher :The Korean Geotechnical Society
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국지반공학회
  • Journal Title :Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
  • Journal Title(Ko) :한국지반공학회 논문집
  • Volume : 35
  • No :1
  • Pages :31-42
  • Received Date : 2018-10-15
  • Revised Date : 2019-01-08
  • Accepted Date : 2019-01-09
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.7843/kgs.2019.35.1.31
Journal Informaiton Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
Archives
: Vol.23~28 (2007~2012)
  • NRF
  • KOFST
  • KISTI Current Status
  • KISTI Cited-by
  • crosscheck
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close